NAZI EDUCATION

Education played a very important part in Nazi Germany in trying to cultivate a loyal following for Hitler and the Nazis. Nazis were aware that education would create loyal Nazis for the future. Schools were to play a critical part in developing a loyal following for Hitler. Indoctrination was to be common practice. All teaches were vetted by Nazi officials, if any teacher was considered disloyal he would be sacked.  97% joined the Nazi association. All teachers had to be careful about what they said. Children were encouraged to inform the authorities if a teacher said something that didn’t fit with the Nazi’s curriculum.

They explained the defeat of 1918 ad the work of the Jewish and Marxist spies who dad weakened the system from within. The treaty of Versailles was the work of nations jealous of Germany’s power. The inflation on 1923 was the work of Jewish saboteurs.

Biology became a study of the different races to prove that Nazi belief on racial superiority was a sound belief.

Biology and history were the main distorted areas but in all of the subjects different radical ideas were imposed.

Hitler as a dictator made sure to have the support of all the people, controlling every area of German’s society. By teaching children all this believes he ensured that when they grew up, they’d be against Jewish and Communists and he would have all the support.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8UlviPpTzs

By: Angelina Galvan

Wall Street Crash

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries and that did not end in the United States until the onset of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941.

The crash followed a speculative boom that had taken hold in the late 1920s, which had led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market. A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy more stocks. By August 1929, brokers were routinely lending small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying. Over $8.5 billion was out on loan, more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the U.S. at the time. On October 24, 1929, with the Dow just past its September 3 peak of 381.17, the market finally turned down, and panic selling started.

The stock market crash and the Great Depression formed "the biggest financial crisis of the 20th century”. “The panic of October 1929 has come to serve as a symbol of the economic contraction that gripped the world during the next decade."

The Great Depression

The Great Depression, was a severe worldwide economic depression, began in the United States but quickly turned into a worldwide economic slump owing to the special and intimate relationships that had been forged between the United States and European economies after World War I. The United States had emerged from the war as the major creditor and financier of postwar Europe, whose national economies had been greatly weakened by the war itself, by war debts, and, in the case of Germany and other defeated nations, by the need to pay war reparations. So once the American economy slumped and the flow of American investment credits to Europe dried up, prosperity tended to collapse there as well. The Depression hit hardest those nations that were most deeply indebted to the United States, Germany and Great Britain. In Germany, unemployment rose sharply beginning in late 1929 and by early 1932 it had reached 6 million workers, or 25 percent of the work force. Britain was less severely affected, but its industrial and export sectors remained seriously depressed until World War II. Many other countries had been affected by the slump by 1931. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as cash cropping, mining and logging suffered the most.

By :Mariel Buendia 

Dadaism

Dadaism

Dadaism was an artistic movement that began in the interwar period. It was, among other things, a protest against the barbarism of the War and what Dadaists considered an oppressive intellectual rigidity in both art and everyday society. Its works were characterized by a deliberate irrationality and the rejection of the prevailing standards of art.

Dada began not as art; it was anti-art. For everything that art stood for, Dada was to represent the opposite. If art is to have at least an implicit or latent message, Dada strives to have no meaning, they are abstract art works, interpretation of Dada is dependent entirely on the viewer. If art is to appeal to sensibilities, Dada offends.

 The artists of the Dada movement had become disillusioned by art, art history and history in general. Many of them grown cynical of humanity after seeing what men were capable of doing to each other on the battlefields of Europe. The basis of Dada is nonsense. With the order of the world destroyed by World War I, Dada was a way to express the confusion that was felt by many people as their world was turned upside down.

The arts works of dada were characterized on the basis of law of chance and proved to be anarchic and anti-art. Dadaism took a direct approach to destroy the beliefs of the society.

  

By: Angelina Galvan

Education in the Soviet Union

We could see in the world, that depending in the country we live and the economy of the country every education differs for others. Many years ago Europe was the center of the world.

Before the Soviet Union in 1917 everybody needed to pay for the education and it was not so accessible for everybody. Like 80 percent of the couldn’t read or write.

Between 1920’s and 1930’s the leaders of the USSR realized a liberal curricula to promote the growth of the people. Stalin thought that school may teach them obedience and specially loyalty. Stalin use specially for making the new Soviet man. The most important is that children weren’t aloud of going to the real world; they were in schools for learning the view of communism ethics. As before the school wasn’t free the USSR provides nine years of general school for everybody. The secondary was optional as students. The universities taught the arts and pure sciences, while institutes just taught some.

The Soviet Union school didn’t had any effect of making better people, for stop having people that didn’t know how to write or read. Lenin established a new educational process that helps the growth of the society. The only purpose of the Soviet educational was to increase useful of labor.

I think that all the leaders during this time, didn’t knew how to do a good job in the education. Making school free for nine years doesn’t mean it is obligatory, because of that maybe some people wouldn’t go.




References

Chris. (n.d.). Educacional in Russia during the Communism Regime. Retrieved from Educacional in Russia during the Communism Regime: http://www.milford.k12.il.us/MHSsite/students/studentproj/animal/historicalevents/education.htm

Country Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved from County Studies: http://countrystudies.us/russia/52.htm

Country Studies. (n.d.). Retrieved from Country Studies: http://countrystudies.us/russia/52.htm

Women in Nazi Germany

Women in Nazi Germany

Many women in the world are treated differently, depending in their religion, the country and their traditions of the family. In Germany, when Adolf Hitler was the leader, he had a clear idea of what the role of the women would be. Women were made to be in the house for cooking, cleaning and take care of their children and husband. Girls weren’t allowed to go to school; they were prepared for their future as a wife. All the men’s started going to war, and all the women needed to stay. Because of the campaign that said they must stay.

We don’t have to forget that there were many women that wanted to study but the Nazi discouraged them for not to do it. Before there were approximately 128,000 women being enrolled in 1933 to 51,000 in 1938 in universities. It also happened the same in schools; women were ordered to go out of schools. However women were expected to have a long live and being always healthy. Women how worked were good at their jobs, Hitler make the quit. There were no reasons for the Nazis to make women work because Hitler believe that it had a negative effect on morale

Because of all these things women started making organization to have an education and can go to work. But these didn’t stop some women of making what they wanted for their lives.

Also we don’t have to forget that for Hitler women was born just for making many babies as possible. Single women went to the army to make children as many as possible.

I think all these women wanted to make something for helping. But the rules said they didn’t need to make those things.  I don’t agree with Hitler because I think women and men are the same and have the same rights. Women wanted to help so much as the men but they couldn’t.

References

German Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved from German Culture: http://www.germanculture.com.ua/library/weekly/aa080601b.htm

History on the net. (n.d.). Retrieved from History one the net: http://historyonthenet.com/Nazi_Germany/women.htm

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany was the period of German history between 1933, year of arrival to power of the National Socialist German Workers Party of Adolf Hitler and 1945, the year of the country's defeat in World War II that result the end of the National regime. Using National's own terminology, the names are also used Third Reich, Greater German Reich, Nazi Empire or III German Empire to refer to this stage.

The term was introduced by Nazi propaganda, which counted the Holy Roman Empire as the first Reich, or empire, the German Empire in 1871 as the second and their own regime as the third. This was done to suggest a glorious return of the former Germany after the Weimar Republic instituted in 1919, however, was never officially dissolved by the new regime. Since 1939, the Nazis avoided using the term "Third Reich" and preferred to call "Greater German Reich" (Grossdeutsches Reich), in order to allude to the considerable expansion of its borders that occurred in 1939 and 1940. The Nazi Party attempted to combine traditional symbols of Germany with Nazi Party symbols, with a single symbol, the swastika, the most representative of the regime, in an effort to strengthen the idea of ​​unity between his ideals and Germany.

The National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP), better known as the Nazi Party was the political party led by Adolf Hitler to power in 1933. The term "Nazi" is a shortened form of the German word Nationalsozialismus (National), who was the party's ideology. This party was the only legal political force in Nazi Germany since the fall of the Weimar Republic (1933) until the end of World War II in 1945, when it was declared illegal and a criminal organization and its leaders arrested and guilty of war crimes against humanity and against peace in the Nuremberg Trials between November 1945 and October 1946.

The head of state, Paul von Hindenburg, was pressured to compromise with Hitler, who was appointed German chancellor on January 30, 1933. Once in office, Hitler decreed new elections amid intense Nazi propaganda. Shortly after the election, the Reichstag building was burned. Then Hitler blamed the communists, suggesting that the fire was the beginning of a revolution and created panic in order to obtain a greater electoral volume. Finally, the elections gave him control of parliament, which passed a law shortly after establishing a dictatorship through democratic means. Hitler imposed since a government based on the principle of the leader or Führerprinzip. According to this political principle, the Fuhrer was identified with the people ("was" the people), and he knew and represented the national interest.

I think that this representation of the people by the leader was essential because it was in no process of consultation and delegation of power. The Führerprinzip was replacing an irresponsible government and powerless (the parliament), and where the responsibility lay with a single figure. Thus the will of the Führer was transformed into the law. The application of this principle resulted in totalitarian systems and repression, and that any opposition to the will of the Führer was, by definition, unpatriotic.

By: Giovanna Trisoglio

References:

·         CHANTAL MILLON-DELSOL, 1998, Las ideas políticas del siglo XX. Paris, Francia. Editorial Docencia.

·         PATRICK O’ BRIEN, 2010, The Atlas of World History. Oxford University, Great Britain. Oxford University Press.

·         SALVAT  EDITORES, 2005, Historia Universal, Tomo XIX. Lima, Perú. Orbis Ventures S.A.C.

Benito Mussolini

Benito Mussolini was born in Dovia di Predappio, Forlì, July 29, 1883 and he died executed in Giulino di Mezzegra, April 28, 1945. He was a military, political and Italian dictator. Benito Mussolini started his political life as socialist and was imprisoned for his opposition to Italy’s expansionist activities in Libya in 1911-1912. By the 1920s, however, he had changed his views and used his considerable rhetorical power to whip up popular support for his fascist policies of nationalism, anti-socialism and state control of industry and economy.

Benito Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party (PFI) in 1921. Mussolini possessed a talent for arousing enthusiasm and giving a sense of power and direction to a society in crisis. Through put Italy together in the same ideology, indoctrination and the creations of the cult of himself as “II Duce” (the leader), he was able to balance in different interest of his supporters. His nationalist persuaded war veterans, while his promise to deal with the treat of revolutionary socialism won the support of the lower middle classes and a proportion of the peasantry. Some workers saw the fascist syndicates as an attractive alternative to socials unions, while landowners and industrialists made large donations to fascists groups because the battered peasant labor organizations into submissions. The most important thing was that the political establishment tolerated fascism and helped facilitate the way for Mussolini’s rise to power; with the “March on Rome” in 1922. Mussolini, as Prime Minister, signaled the begging of a new era.

As part of his plan to revive Italian national pride, Mussolini sought to create an Italian empire comparable to those of Britain and France. He not only expanded Italy’s Libyan territory, but in 1935 launched a successful assault on Ethiopia. He also extended Italy’s territories on the eastern Adriatic coast.

After Hitler came to power in Germany, and after the first German victories in World War II, Mussolini decided to declared war on the Allies. However, the failure of the Italian army in Greece, Libya and East Africa, and the advance of Allied troops, led to his imprisonment order by Victor Emmanuel III, who promoted a coup and declared the end of fascism on July 1943. Released by Germans on September 12, 1943, created a fascist republic in northern Italy (Republic of Salò), but the Allied advance was forced to take flight to Switzerland. Attempted to cross the border disguised as a German officer, but he was discovered in Dongo by members of the Resistance on April 27, 1945, and the next day he was shot.

I think Mussolini was supported at the beginning because he appeared to respond to a discontent that is evident in all areas: economic and social (labor and dehumanization of the rural exodus), political (new democratic regimes and political disorder), cultural (modern rationalism and weakness of moral and religious values​​). It is by this that the call comes to an authoritarian power that is able to punish the excesses of economic and political liberalism and the disappearance of this discontent. Benito Mussolini compromised only in a political way by the end of his regime.

By Giovanna Trisoglio

References:

·         CHANTAL MILLON-DELSOL, 1998, Las ideas políticas del siglo XX. Paris, Francia. Editorial Docencia.

·         FARAH & KARLS, 2001, World History. Ohio, Estados Unidos. National Geographic Society.

·         PATRICK O’ BRIEN, 2010, The Atlas of World History. Oxford University, Great Britain. Oxford University Press.


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mF4ZjJ88wU